Tourism City and the COVID-19 Pandemic: First Experiences in the Light of the Literature Review

Joanna Kowalczyk-Anioł, Robert Pawlusiński

Abstract


The aim of this paper is to present previous experiences of tourism cities in reducing the negative impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the local tourism economy. The article is based on literature review, which starting point was a World Tourism Cities Federation report on urban tourism during COVID-19 pandemic. The authors argue and discuss the proposed instruments of actions and tools supporting the tourism sector at the urban level, both in the phase of first responses to the outbreak, and in next stage of the pandemic, which is aimed at rebuilding and revitalizing tourism in the city.


Keywords


tourism city; pandemic; local tourism economy; tourism sector; COVID-19

Full Text:

PDF (Język Polski)

References


LITERATURA

Agostino D., Arnaboldi M., Lampis A. 2020. Italian state museums during the COVID-19 crisis: From onsite closure to online openness. Museum Management and Curatorship 35(4), 362–372. https://doi.org/10.1080/09647775.2020.1790029

Bec A., Moyle B., Schaffer V., Timms K. 2021. Virtual reality and mixed reality for second chance tourism. Tourism Management 83, 104256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104256

Brouder P. 2020. Reset redux: Possible evolutionary pathways towards the transformation of tourism in a COVID-19 world. Tourism Geographies 22, 484–490. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1760928

Chu Y.-H.I., Alam P., Larson H.J., Lin L. 2020. Social consequences of mass quarantine during epidemics: A systematic review with implications for the COVID-19 response. Journal of Travel Medicine 27(7), taaa192. https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa192

Collins-Kreiner N., Ram Y. 2020. National tourism strategies during the Covid-19 pandemic. Annals of Tourism Research, 103076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103076

Costa D.G., Peixoto J.P.J. 2020. COVID-19 pandemic: A review of smart cities initiatives to face new outbreaks. IET Smart Cities 2(2), 64–73. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-smc.2020.0044

Deng Z., Benckendorff P., Wang J. 2021. Travel live streaming: An affordance perspective. Information Technology & Tourism 23, 189–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40558-021-00199-1

Fennell D.A. 2021. Technology and the sustainable tourist in the new age of disruption. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 29(5), 767–773. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1769639

Gössling S. 2021. Technology, ICT and tourism: From big data to the big picture. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 29(5), 849–858, https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1865387

Gössling S., Scott D., Hall C.M. 2020. Pandemics, tourism, and global change: A rapid assessment of Covid-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 29, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708

Grabiński T., Borkowski K. 2020. Szacowane wpływy w gminie Kraków w 2020 roku – (straty) w stosunku do roku 2019 jako efekt zatrzymania ruchu turystycznego z powodu pandemii COVID-19 i ogłoszenia stanu epidemicznego w Polsce od 13.03.2020 roku. Raport. Kraków: Małopolska Organizacja Turystyczna.

Gretzel U., Fuchs M., Baggio R., Hoepken W., Law R., Neidhardt J., Pesonen J., Zanker M., Xiang Z. 2020. e-Tourism beyond COVID-19: A call for transformative research. Information Technology & Tourism 22, 187–203.

Gretzel U., Koo C. 2021. Smart tourism cities: A duality of place where technology supports the convergence of touristic and residential experiences. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 26(4), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2021.1897636

Grochowicz M. 2020. Sytuacja branży gastronomicznej w pierwszych miesiącach trwania pandemii COVID-19 na przykładzie Krakowa. Urban Development Issues 67, 5–16. https://doi.org/10.2478/udi-2020-0029

Im U.L., Lam C.C., Ma E. 2021. The effective responses of a tourism and gaming city towards the devastating effects of pandemic: A case study of Macao. International Journal of Tourism Cities 7(2), 492–510.

Itani O.S., Hollebeek L.D. 2021. Light at the end of the tunnel: Visitors’ virtual reality (versus in-person) attraction site tour-related behavioral intentions during and post-COVID-19. Tourism Management 84, 104290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104290

Jasiński A. 2020. Public space or safe space – remarks during the COVID-19 pandemic. Technical Transactions (20), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.37705/TechTrans/e2020020

Jażdżewska, I., Jagnuszewska, A. 2017. Tourism-themed internet portals-are new media creating a new tourist? A case study of Polish students. Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 35(35), 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1515/bog-2017-0003

Jiricka-Pürrer A., Brandenburg C., Pröbstl-Haider U. 2020. City tourism pre-and post-covid-19 pandemic – Messages to take home for climate change adaptation and mitigation? Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism 31, 100329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2020.100329

Jonas A., Mansfeld Y., Paz S., Potasman I. 2011. Determinants of health risk perception among low-risk-taking tourists traveling to developing countries. Journal of Travel Research 50(1), 87–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287509355323

Koh E. 2020. The end of over-tourism? Opportunities in a post-Covid-19 world. International Journal of Tourism Cities 6(4), 1015–1023. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-04-2020-0080

Kowalczyk-Anioł J., Nowacki M. 2020. Factors influencing Generation Y’s tourism-related social media activity: The case of Polish students. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology 11, 543–558. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTT-03-2019-0049

Kowalczyk-Anioł J., Grochowicz M., Pawlusiński R. 2021. How a Tourism City Responds to COVID-19: A CEE Perspective (Kraków Case Study). Sustainability 13(14), 7914. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147914

Kowalska K., Niezgoda A. 2020. COVID-19 as a Tourist Activity Inhibitor as Evidenced by Poles’ Holiday Plans. Studia Periegetica 4(32), 9–24. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6526

Kruczek Z., Szromek A., Walas B., Mazanek L. 2021. Postawy i oczekiwania interesariuszy wobec zamiarów zrównoważenia turystyki w Krakowie po pandemii COVID-19. Annales UMCS. Sectio B 76(1), 45–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/b.2021.76.1.%25p

Kwok A.H., Doyle E.E.H., Becker J., Johnston D., Paton D. 2016. What is ‘social resilience’? Perspectives of disaster researchers, emergency management practitioners, and policymakers in New Zealand. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 19, 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.08.013

Kwok A.O., Koh S.G. 2020. COVID-19 and extended reality (XR). Current Issues in Tourism 1(6), 1935–1940. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1798896

Lee C.C., Chen M.P. 2020. The impact of COVID-19 on the travel and leisure industry returns: Some international evidence. Tourism Economics. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816620971981

Liu M.T., Wang S., McCartney G., Wong I.A. 2021. Taking a break is for accomplishing a longer journey: hospitality industry in Macao under the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 33(4), 1249–1275. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-07-2020-0678

Matyja R. 2017. Miasto jako przestrzeń, węzeł i system. Analiza z perspektywy badań politologicznych. Acta Politica Polonica 3(41), 5–16. https://doi.org/10.18276/ap.2017.41-01

McCartney G. 2020. The impact of the coronavirus outbreak on Macao. From tourism lockdown to tourism recovery. Current Issues of Tourism, 2683–2692. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1762549

McCartney G., Pinto J., Liu M. 2021. City resilience and recovery from COVID-19: The case of Macao. Cities 112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103130

Miedziński M. 2021. Miasto-kurort Kołobrzeg po pierwszym roku pandemii COVID-19. W: M. Makowska-Iskierka, J. Wojciechowska (red.), Warsztaty z geografii turyzmu. T. 11: Krajoznawstwo a turystyka (s. 35–59). Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego.

Min J. 2005. The Effect of the SARS Illness on Tourism in Taiwan: An Empirical Study. The International Journal of Management 22, 497.

Napierała T., Leśniewska-Napierała K., Burski R. 2020. Impact of Geographic Distribution of COVID-19 Cases on Hotels’ Performances: Case of Polish Cities. Sustainability 12(11), 4697. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114697

Nhamo G., Dube K., Chikodzi D. 2020. Counting the Cost of COVID-19 on the Global Tourism Industry. Springer Nature Switzerland AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56231-1_13

Nowacki M., Kowalczyk-Anioł J. 2019. Determinanty rozwoju turystyki w miastach inteligentnych. Annales UMCS. Sectio B 74, 117–131. https://doi.org/10.17951/b.2019.74.117-131

Noworól A. 2021. Pandemia COVID-19 jako stymulator procesów despacjalizacji. W: M. Nowak (red.), Polityka przestrzenna w czasie kryzysu (s. 9–30). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar.

Panasiuk A. 2020. Przyczynek do badań nad wpływem pandemii na stan gospodarki turystycznej. W: K. Nessel (red.), Turystyka w naukach społecznych (T. 3; s. 55–70). Kraków: Instytut Przedsiębiorczości Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.

Pasquinelli C., Trunfio M., Bellini N., Rossi S. 2021. Sustainability in Overtouristified Cities? A Social Media Insight into Italian Branding Responses to Covid-19 Crisis. Sustainability 13(4), 1848. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041848

Pawlusiński R. 2020. Gospodarka nocna Krakowa w fazie wychodzenia z obostrzeń związanych z pandemią koronawirusa COVID-19. Kraków: Urząd Miasta Krakowa (maszynopis).

Persson-Fischer U., Liu S. 2021. The Impact of a Global Crisis on Areas and Topics of Tourism Research. Sustainability 13, 906. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020906

Petrović N.N., Dimovski V., Peterlin J., Meško M., Roblek V. 2021. Data-Driven Solutions in Smart Cities: The case of Covid-19 Apps. WWW ’21: Companion Proceedings of the Web Conference, 648–656. https://doi.org/10.1145/3442442.3453469

Pine R., McKercher B. 2004. The impact of SARS on Hong Kong’s tourism industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 16(2), 139–143. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110410520034

Roman M., Niedziółka A., Krasnodębski A. 2020. Respondents’ Involvement in Tourist Activities at the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability 12(22), 9610. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229610

Sagan I. 2021. Polityka miejska w warunkach kryzysu. W: M. Nowak (red.), Polityka przestrzenna w czasie kryzysu (s. 53–72). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar.

Sharifi A., Khavarian-Garmsir A.R. 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic: Impacts on cities and major lessons for urban planning, design, and management. Science of the Total Environment, 142391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142391

Sharma G.D., Thomas A., Paul J. 2021. Reviving tourism industry post-COVID-19: A resilience-based framework. Tourism Management Perspectives 37, 100786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100786

Sigala M. 2020. Tourism and COVID-19: Impacts and implications for advancing and resetting industry and research. Journal of Business Research 117, 312–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.015

Singh J.L.H., Couch D., Yap K. 2020. Mobile health apps that help with Covid-19 management: Scoping review. Journal of Medical Internet Research. Nursing 3(1), e20596. https://doi.org/10.2196/20596

Stojczew K. 2021. Ocena wpływu pandemii koronawirusa na branżę turystyczną w Polsce. Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu 65, 157–172.

Sweeney Y. 2020. Tracking the debate on COVID-19 surveillance tools. Nature Machine Intelligence 2(6), 301–304.

Szromek A., Kruczek Z., Walas B. 2020. The Attitude of Tourist Destination Residents towards the Effects of Overtourism – Kraków Case Study. Sustainability 12, 228. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010228.4

Vargas A. 2020. Covid-19 crisis: A new model of tourism governance for a new time. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes 12, 691–699. https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-07-2020-0066

Visacovsky S.E., Zenobi D.S. 2020. When a crisis is embedded in another crisis. Social Anthropology. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-8676.12836

Walas B., Kruczek Z. 2020. The impact of COVID-19 on tourism in Kraków in the eyes of tourism entrepreneurs. Studia Periegetica 2, 79–95. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3664

Zajadacz A. (red.). 2021. Uwarunkowania i plany rozwoju turystyki. T. 13: Zmiany w budżecie czasu wolnego i zachowaniach wolnoczasowych mieszkańców dużych miast w wyniku pandemii COVID-19. Poznań: Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe.

Zawadka J., Jęczmyk A., Uglis J., Wojcieszak-Zbierska M.M. 2021. Plany turystyczne mieszkańców miast w dobie pandemii COVID-19. W: M. Makowska-Iskierka, J. Wojciechowska (red.), Warsztaty z geografii turyzmu. T. 11: Krajoznawstwo a turystyka (s. 13–34). Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego.

Zeng Z., Chen P.-J., Lew A.A. 2020. From high-touch to high-tech: COVID-19 drives robotics adoption. Tourism Geographies 1(11). https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1762118

Zmyślony P. 2015. Funkcja turystyczna w procesie internacjonalizacji miast. Poznań–Kraków: Proksenia.

NETOGRAFIA

Brog B2B. 2020. Rynek gastronomiczny w Polsce. Raport 2020. Pobrane z: https://issuu.com/brogmarketing/docs/raport_gastronomiczny_2020

Cheshmehzangi A. 2020. 10 Adaptive Measures for Public Places to face the COVID 19 Pandemic Outbreak. Pobrane z: https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/ciso.12335

European Union. 2020. Tourism and transport: Commission’s guidance on how to safely resume travel and reboot Europe’s tourism in 2020 and beyond. Pobrane z: https://europeansting.com/2020/05/13/tourism-and-transport-commissions-guidance-on-how-to-safely-resume-travel-and-reboot-europes-tourism-in-2020-and-beyond

European Union. 2021. Coronavirus: a common path to Europe’s safe re-opening. Pobrane z: https://europeansting.com/2021/03/17/coronavirus-a-common-path-to-europes-safe-re-opening

Fundacja GAP. 2020. Raport Samorząd. Pomiędzy nadzwyczajnymi zadaniami a ograniczonymi możliwościami – samorząd terytorialny w czasie pandemii. Pobrane z: https://oees.pl/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Raport-samorzad.pdf

Komisja Europejska. 2020. Komunikat Komisji do Parlamentu Europejskiego, Rady, Europejskiego, Komitetu Ekonomiczno-społecznego i Komitetu Regionów – Turystyka i transport w roku 2020 i w dalszej przyszłości. Pobrane z: https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/communication-commission-tourism-transport-2020-and-beyond_pl.pdf

OECD. 2020. Culture shock: COVID-19 and the cultural and creative sectors. Pobrane z: https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/culture-shock-covid-19-and-the-cultural-and-creative-sectors-08da9e0e

Tourism Economics. 2020. City Tourism Outlook and Ranking: Coronavirus Impacts and Recovery. Pobrane z: https://resources.oxfordeconomics.com/hubfs/City-Tourism-Outlook-and-Ranking.pdf

UNWTO. 2020. 2020: Worst Year in Tourism History with 1 Billion Fewer International Arrivals. Pobrane z: https://www.unwto.org/news/2020-worst-year-in-tourism-history-with-1-billion-fewer-international-arrivals

Walas B., Berbeka J., Borkowski K., Kruczek Z., Pawlusiński R., …, Piaskowski R. 2021. Polityka zrównoważonej turystyki Krakowa na lata 2021–2028. Pobrane z: https://www.bip.krakow.pl/?sub_dok_id=20667

WTCF. 2020. Report on Recovery and Development of World Tourism amid COVID-19. Pobrane z: https://en.wtcf.org.cn/News/WTCFNews/wzNews/2020090519583.html

WTTC. 2020. ‘Safe Travels’: Global Protocols & Stamp for the New Normal. Pobrane z: https://wttc.org/COVID-19/Safe-Travels-Global-Protocols-Stamp




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/b.2021.76.0.203-222
Date of publication: 2021-09-27 12:34:13
Date of submission: 2021-07-12 11:53:20


Statistics


Total abstract view - 4491
Downloads (from 2020-06-17) - PDF (Język Polski) - 2134

Indicators



Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2021 Joanna Kowalczyk-Anioł, Robert Pawlusiński

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.