Promoting Community-Based Tourism: Strategies for Encouraging Adoption of Community-Centered Practices in the Tourism Industry

Andrea Giampiccoli, Oliver Mtapuri, Jithendra Maharaj, Sean Jugmohan

Abstract


The existence of poverty and unemployment requires that private businesses and other stakeholders work with the government to address them given the potential found in tourism. The purpose of the article is to present the role and meaning of community-based tourism (CBT) in addressing poverty and unemployment in the broad tourism industry. This article follows desktop research and primarily focuses on pathways to incentivize the transformation of the conventional/mass tourism sector so that is central in the fight against poverty and unemployment which are prevalent in society. The authors propose a framework that aims to transform the industry through the adoption of incentives to embrace the finer qualities found in CBT. The paper concludes with discussions centred on incentives for either profit and/or capital sharing based on socioeconomic principles grounded in current ownership of capital by industry staff and members of surrounding communities and local governments, espoused in the principles of CBT.


Keywords


incentives; inequality; profits; transformation; tax

Full Text:

PDF

References


Alvaredo, F., Chancel, L., Piketty, T., Saez, E., & Zucman, G. (Eds.). (2018). World Inequality Report 2018. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. https://wir2018.wid.world/files/download/wir2018-full-report-english.pdf

Archer, B., Cooper, C., & Ruhanen, L. (2005). The positive and negative impacts of tourism. In W.F. Theobald (Ed.), Global Tourism (pp. 79–102). Elsevier.

ASEAN. (2016). ASEAN Community Based Tourism Standard. ASEAN Secretariat. https://www.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/ASEAN-Community-Based-Tourism-Standard.pdf

Bianchi, R. (2018). The political economy of tourism development: A critical review. Annals of Tourism Research, 70, 88–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.08.005

Bulatović, J., & Rajović, G. (2016).Applying sustainable tourism indicators to community-based ecotourism tourist village Eco-katun Štavna. European Journal of Economic Studies, 16(2), 309–330. https://doi.org/10.13187/es.2016.16.309

Burren & Cliffs of Moher Geopark. (2017). Good Practice Guide. The role of tourism enterprises. http://www.burrengeopark.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Good_Practice_Guide_The_role_of-_tourism_enterprises.pdf

Cambodia Community-based Ecotourism Network. (2009). Community-based tourism standards in Cambodia. https://ysrinfo.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/7_cbt-standards-in-cambodia.pdf

Ching Tan, C., & Sitikarn, B. (2019). Balanced scorecard (BSC) structured business model for tribes-based community-based tourism: Cases with Chiang Rai. Journal of MCU Peace Studies, 7(4), 899–922. https://so03.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/journal-peace/article/view/202694

Choi, H.C., & Sirakaya, E. (2006). Sustainability indicators for managing community tourism. Tourism Management, 27, 1274–1289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.05.018

Chok, S., Macbeth, J., & Warren, C. (2007). Tourism as a tool for poverty alleviation: A critical analysis of ‘pro-poor tourism’ and implications for sustainability. Current Issues in Tourism, 10(2/3), 144–165. https://doi.org/10.2167/cit303

Dangi, T.B., & Jamal, T. (2008). An integrated approach to “sustainable community-based tourism”. Sustainability, 8(475), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8050475

Derviş, K., & Qureshi, Z. (2016). Income distribution within countries: rising inequality. Global Economy and Development at Bookings. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/income-inequality-within-countries_august-2016-003.pdf

Dwyer, L., Edwards, D., Mistilis, N., Roman, C., & Scott, N. (2009). Destination and enterprise management for a tourism future. Tourism Management, 30, 63–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.04.002

Faulkenberry, L.V., Coggeshall, J.M., Backman, K., & Backman, S. (2000). A culture of servitude. The impact of tourism and development on South Carolina’s Coast. Human Organization, 59(1), 86–95. https://doi.org/10.17730/humo.59.1.353730461t724j02

Gartner, C., & Cukier, J. (2012). Is tourism employment a sufficient mechanism for poverty reduction? A case study from Nkhata Bay, Malawi. Current Issues in Tourism, 15(6), 545–562. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2011.629719

Giampiccoli, A., & Mtapuri, O. (2016). A community-based tourism affinity index: Its development and possible use. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 5(1), article 3, 1–16. http://www.ajhtl.com/uploads/7/1/6/3/7163688/article 3 vol 5 1 2016.pdf

Giampiccoli, A., & Mtapuri, O. (2017). Beyond community-based tourism: Towards a new tourism classification system. Gazeta de Antropologia, 33(1), 15–32. https://doi.org/10.30827/Digibug.44467

Giampiccoli, A., & Mtapuri, O. (2020). Introducing the investment redistributive incentive model (IRIM): A new redistribution perspective in tourism investment and beyond. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 9(1), article 58, 1–16. https://www.ajhtl.com/uploads/7/1/6/3/7163688/article

Giampiccoli, A., & Saayman, M. (2017). Community-based tourism, responsible tourism, and infrastructure development and poverty. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 6(2), article 19, 1–28. http://www.ajhtl.com/uploads/7/1/6/3/7163688/article_19_vol_6__2__2017.pdf

Giampiccoli, A., & Saayman, M. (2018a). South African community-based tourism operational guidelines: Analysis and critical review. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 10(6), 759–770. https://doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2018.1463653

Giampiccoli, A., & Saayman, M. (2018b). Community-based tourism development model and community participation. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 7(4), article 16, 1–27. https://www.ajhtl.com/uploads/7/1/6/3/7163688/article

Guevara Manzo, G. (2019). Economic impacts 2019. In WTTC, Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2019 World. World Travel & Tourism Council.

Guijarro, G., Pacheco, V., & Verdesoto, J.F. (2018). Percepciones y sostenibilidad del turismo comunitario: comunidad Shiripuno. Misahuallí – Ecuador. Antropología Cuadernos de Investigación, 19, 12–34. https://doi.org/10.26807/ant.v0i19.146

Höckert, E. (2009). Sociocultural Sustainability of Rural Community-Based Tourism. Case Study of Local Participation in Fair Trade Coffee Trail, Nicaragua. Lapland University Press.

Holden, A., Sonne, J., & Novelli, M. (2011). Tourism and poverty reduction: An interpretation by the Poor of Elmina, Ghana. Tourism Planning & Development, 8(3), 317–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2011.591160

Hongbo, W. (2013). Preface. In United Nations (Ed.), Inequality Matters (pp. 7–8). Report of the World Social Situation 2013. Document ST/ESA/345. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs.

Jamal, T., Budke, C., & Barradas-Bribiesca, I. (2019). Community-based tourism and development. In R. Sharpley & D. Harrison (Eds.), A Research Agenda for Tourism and Development (pp. 125–150). Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.

Kaur, P., Jawaid, A., & Bt Abu Othman, N. (2016). The impact of community based tourism on community development in Sarawak. Journal of Borneo Kalimantan, 2(1), 15–26. http://www.borneo.unimas.my/images/jbk2016/2_community-tourism_Parveen_ArifNorizan.pdf

Khemili, H., & Belloumi, M. (2018). Cointegration relationship between growth, inequality and poverty in Tunisia. International Journal of Applied Economics, Finance and Accounting, 2(1), 8–18.

Kinyondo, A., & Pelizzo, R. (2015). Tourism, development and inequality: The case of Tanzania. Poverty & Public Policy, 7(1), 64–79. https://doi.org/10.1002/pop4.92

Kinyondo, A., & Pelizzo, R. (2018). Growth, employment, poverty and inequality in Tanzania. AGDI Working Paper, No. WP/18/001, African Governance and Development Institute (AGDI), Yaoundé. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/191324/1/agdi-wp-18-001.pdf

Lee, T.H. & Jan, F-H. (2019). Can community-based tourism contribute to sustainable development? Evidence from residents’ perceptions of the sustainability. Tourism Management, 70, 368–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.09.003

Lew, A.A. (2011). Tourism’s role in the global economy. Tourism Geographies, 13(1), 148–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2010.531046

Llorca-Rodríguez, C.M., Casas-Jurado, A.C., & García-Fernández, R.M. (2016). Tourism and poverty alleviation: An empirical analysis using panel data on Peru’s departments. International Journal of Tourism Research, 19, 746–756. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2147

Ma, B., Cai, Z., Zheng, J., & Wen, Y. (2019). Conservation, ecotourism, poverty, and income inequality – a case study of nature reserves in Qinling, China. World Development, 115, 236–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.11.017

Mathew, P.V., & Sreejesh S. (2017). Impact of responsible tourism on destination sustainability and quality of life of community in tourism destinations. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 31, 83–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.10.001

Mearns, K. (2015). Applying sustainable tourism indicators to community-based ecotourism ventures in Southern Africa. Athens Journal of Tourism, 2(3), 179–194. https://doi.org/10.30958/ajt.2-3-4

Nagarjuna, G. (2015). Local community involvement in tourism: A content analysis of websites of wildlife resorts. Atna, Journal of Tourism Studies, 10(1), pp. 13–21. https://doi.org/10.12727/ajts.13.2

Ndlovu, N., & Rogerson, C.M. (2004). The local economic impacts of rural community-based tourism in Eastern Cape. In C.M. Rogerson & G. Visser (Eds.), Tourism and development issues in contemporary South Africa (pp. 436–451). Africa Institute of South Africa.

Niemhom, N. (2018). Executive summary. In UNWTO, Inclusive Tourism Destinations Model and success stories (pp. 9–11). World Tourism Organisation.

Oviedo-García, M.A., González-Rodríguez, M.R., & Vega-Vázquez, M.V. (2019). Does Sun-and-sea all-inclusive tourism contribute to poverty alleviation and/or income inequality reduction? The case of the Dominican Republic. Journal of Travel Research, 58(6), 995–1013.

Park, D-B., & Yoon, Y-C. (2011). Developing sustainable rural tourism evaluation indicators. International Journal of Tourism Research, 13, 401–415. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0047287518789272

Pikkemaat, B. (2008). Innovation in small and medium sized tourism enterprises: A review of the literature and an agenda for research. Paper presented at the TTRA European Conference, “Competition in Tourism: Business and Destination Perspectives”, April 23–25, 2008 Helsinki, Finland.

Ridzuan, A.R., Ismail, N.A., & Che Hamat, A.F. (2017). Does foreign direct investment successfully lead to sustainable development in Singapore? Economies, 5(29), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies5030029

Rohwerder, B. (2016). Poverty and Inequality: Topic Guide. GSDRC, University of Birmingham.

Saayman, M., & Giampiccoli, A. (2016). Community-based and pro-poor tourism: Initial assessment of their relation to community development. European Journal of Tourism Research, 12, 145–190. https://ejtr.vumk.eu/index.php/about/article/view/418

Saayman, M., Rossouw, R., & Krugell, W. (2012). The impact of tourism on poverty in South Africa. Development Southern Africa, 29(3), 462–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2012.706041

Sauce, B., & Matzel, L.D. (n.d.). Inductive reasoning.

Scheyvens, R., & Biddulph, R. (2018). Inclusive tourism development. Tourism Geographies, 20(4), 589–609. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2017.1381985

Schott, C., & Nhem, S. (2018). Paths to the market: Analysing tourism distribution channels for community-based tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 43(3), 356–371. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2018.1447837

Sinclair-Maragh, G., & Gursoy, D. (2015). Imperialism and tourism: The case of developing island countries. Annals of Tourism Research, 50, 143–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2014.12.001

Singh, L.K. (2008). Ecology, Environment and Tourism. ESHA Books.

Snyman, J.A., & Saayman, M. (2009). Key factors influencing foreign direct investment in the tourism industry in South Africa. Tourism Review, 64(3), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1108/16605370910988827

Sproule, K.W., & Suhandi, A.S. (1998). Guidelines for community-based ecotourism programs: Lessons from Indonesia. In K. Lindberg, M. Epler Wood & D. Engeldrum (Eds.), Ecotourism: A Guide for Planners and Managers (Vol. 2, pp. 215–235). The Ecotourism Society.

Stoddard, J.E., Pollard, C.E., & Evans, M.R. (2012). The triple bottom line: A framework for sustainable tourism development. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 13(3), 233–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2012.698173

Suansri, P. (2003). Community Based Tourism Handbook. Responsible Ecological Social Tour-REST.

Tabosa, F.J.S., Castelar De Carvalho, P.U., & Irffi, G. (2016). Brazil, 1981–2013: the effects of economic growth and income inequality on poverty. Revista CEPAL, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL).

Tamir, M. (2015). Challenges and opportunities of community based tourism development in Awi zone: A case study in Guagusa and Banja Woredas, Ethiopia. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Sports, 11, 50–78. https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JTHS/article/view/24694

Tasci, A.D.S., Semrad, K.J., & Yilmaz, S.S. (2013). Community based tourism finding the equilibrium in COMCEC context: Setting the Pathway for the Future. COMCEC Coordination Office.

Telfer, D.J., & Sharpley, R. (2008). Tourism and Development in the Developing World. Routledge.

Tosun, C., Timothy, D.J., & Öztürk, Y. (2003). Tourism growth, national development and regional inequality in Turkey. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 11(2–3), 133–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580308667200

Triarchi, E.I., & Karamanis, K. (2017). The evolution of alternative forms of Tourism: a theoretical background. Business & Entrepreneurship Journal, 6(1), 39–59. http://www.scienpress.com/Upload/BEJ%2fVol%206_1_4.pdf

Ullan de La Rosa, F.J., Aledo Tur, A., & Garcia Andreu, H. (2017). Community-based tourism and the political instrumentalization of the concept of community. A new theoretical approach and an ethnographical case study in Northeastern Brazil. Anthropos, 112, 467–486. https://doi.org/10.5771/0257-9774-2017-2-467

UN. (2013). Inequality Matters. Report of the World Social Situation 2013. Document ST/ESA/345. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs.

UN. (2019). World Economic Situation and Prospects 2019. United Nations.

UNIDO. (2009). Multinational Enterprises’ Foreign Direct Investment Location Decisions within the Global Factory. Research and Statistics Branch Working Paper 04/2009. UNIDO.

UNWTO. (2018). Inclusive Tourism Destinations Model and success stories. World Tourism Organisation.

WEF. (2018). The Inclusive Development Index 2018 Summary and Data Highlights. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Forum_IncGrwth_2018.pdf Accessed 10th March 2020

Wenjing Lv. (2018). A new model of tourism enterprise management under the concept of eco-tourism management. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 132, 243–246.

Wiranatha, A.S., Antara, M., & Suryawardani, I.G.A.O. (2017). Impact of tourism leakage on the growth of economic sectors, employment and income distribution in Bali, Indonesia. International Journal of Economic Research, 14(8), 11–27.

WTTC. (2019). Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2019 World. World Travel & Tourism Council.

Yanes, A., Zielinski, S., Diaz Cano, M., & Kim, S.I. (2019). Community-based tourism in developing countries: A framework for policy evaluation. Sustainability, 11(2506), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092506

Yang, L. (2018). The relationship between poverty and inequality: Resource constraint mechanisms. CASEpaper211/LIPpaper5. Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, London School of Economics.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/b.2024.79.0.95-113
Date of publication: 2024-11-04 00:00:00
Date of submission: 2024-01-02 16:42:22


Statistics


Total abstract view - 90
Downloads (from 2020-06-17) - PDF - 39

Indicators



Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2024

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.