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Wyślij tekst przez e-mail Sprawy związane z pandemią przed Europejskim Trybunałem Praw Człowieka. Przegląd orzecznictwa i identyfikacja kluczowych problemów
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W artykule analizie poddano sprawy związane z pandemią COVID-19 wniesione do Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka, podkreślając kluczowe kwestie proceduralne i merytoryczne. W analizowanych sprawach wiele złożonych skarg zostało odrzuconych jako niedopuszczalne z powodu braku statusu ofiary lub oparcia na abstrakcyjnych zarzutach, a nie na rzeczywistych naruszeniach. Pod względem merytorycznym sprawy te ukazują fundamentalny konflikt między prawami jednostki a działaniami podejmowanymi w celu ochrony zdrowia publicznego. Podczas gdy niektórzy skarżący argumentowali, że ograniczenia nałożone przez państwo nadmiernie ograniczały ich prawa, inni twierdzili, że rządy nie zapewniły odpowiedniej ochrony, szczególnie w zakresie zdrowia i bezpieczeństwa. Ta dwoista perspektywa podkreśla wyzwanie, jakim jest zachowanie równowagi między prawami podstawowymi w czasach kryzysu. Analiza pokazuje, że zarówno nadmierne ograniczenia, jak i niewystarczające zabezpieczenia były postrzegane jako nieproporcjonalne, co podkreśla złożoność obowiązków państwa w sytuacjach nadzwyczajnych. Badania podkreślają rolę Trybunału w rozstrzyganiu takich sporów i wskazują na szersze konsekwencje dla ochrony praw człowieka w przyszłych globalnych kryzysach.
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LITERATURE
Hale T., Angrist N., Goldszmidt R., Kira B., Petherick A., Phillips T., Webster S., Cameron-Blake E., Hallas L., Majumdar S., Tatlow H., A Global Panel Database of Pandemic Policies (Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker), “Nature Human Behaviour” 2021, vol. 5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01079-8
Jaskiernia J., Challenges Posed by the COVID-19 Pandemic to the Protection of Human Rights, “Stosunki Międzynarodowe” 2020, vol. 56(4). DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.7366/020909614202004
Jovičić S., COVID-19 Restrictions on Human Rights in the Light of the Case-Law of the European Court of Human Rights, “ERA Forum” 2021, vol. 21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12027-020-00630-w
Kapelańska-Pręgowska J., The (Still) Unresolved Question of COVID-19 Passes Compatibility with the ECHR: Comments on the ECtHR Decision of 7 October 2021 in Zambrano v France (Application no. 41994/21), “Polish Review of International and European Law” 2022, vol. 11(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.21697/2022.11.1.07
Lebret A., COVID-19 Pandemic and Derogation to Human Rights, “Journal of Law and the Biosciences” 2020, vol. 7(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsaa015
McWhirter R., The Right to Liberty in a Pandemic, “The University of Queensland Law Journal” 2021, vol. 40(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.38127/uqlj.v40i2.5721
Nawrot O., Nawrot J., Vachev V., The Right to Healthcare during the COVID-19 Pandemic under the European Convention on Human Rights, “International Journal of Human Rights” 2023, vol. 27(5). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2022.2027760
Pazura A., Uwagi na temat przesłanek skargi indywidualnej do Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka w Strasburgu, “Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego” 2014, no. 3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2014.03.08
Połatyńska J., Human Rights and SARS-CoV-2 – Some Observations on a Public Emergency Threating the Life of the Nation, “Civitas Hominibus” 2021, vol. 16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25312/2391-5145.16/2021_06jp
Trykhlib K., The Principle of Proportionality in the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, “EU and Comparative Law Issues and Challenges Series” 2020, vol. 4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25234/eclic/11899
ONLINE SOURCES
Akandji-Kombe J.-F., Positive Obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights: A Guide to the Implementation of the European Convention on Human Rights, 2007, https://rm.coe.int/168007ff4d (access: 14.7.2026).
Council of Europe, Derogations COVID-19, https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/derogations-covid-19 (access: 14.7.2026).
European Court of Human Rights, COVID-19 Health Crisis, October 2024, https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/fs_covid_eng (access: 14.7.2026).
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Graham L., Challenging State Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic before the ECtHR, 18.10.2022, https://strasbourgobservers.com/2022/10/18/challenging-state-responses-to-the-covid-19-pandemic-before-the-ecthr (access: 14.7.2026).
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LEGAL ACTS
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ETS No. 005), as amended by Protocols Nos. 11 (ETS No. 155), 14 (CETS No. 194), and 15 (CETS No. 213), and supplemented by Protocols Nos. 1 (ETS No. 009), 4 (ETS No. 046), 6 (ETS No. 114), 7 (ETS No. 117), 12 (ETS No. 177), 13 (ETS No. 187), and 16 (CETS No. 214).
CASE LAW
Case communicated on 17 November 2021, Guhn v Poland, Application no. 45519/20.
Case communicated on 17 November 2021, Jarocki v Poland, Application no. 39750/20.
Case communicated on 17 November 2021, Michalski v Poland, Application no. 34180/20.
Case communicated on 19 September 2022, Mégard v France, Application no. 32647/22.
Case communicated on 20 December 2022, M.C.K. and M.H.K.-B. and Others v Germany, Application no. 26657/22 and three others.
Case communicated on 28 May 2024, Nichita v Romania, Application no. 38200/22.
Decision of the ECtHR of 5 November 2020, Le Mailloux v France, Application no. 18108/20.
Decision of the ECtHR of 15 October 2020, D.C. v Italy, Application no. 17289/20.
Decision of the ECtHR of 13 April 2021, Terheş v Romania, Application no. 49933/20.
Decision of the ECtHR of 8 June 2021, Ünsal and Timtik v Turkey, Application no. 36331/20.
Decision of the ECtHR of 22 June 2021, Bah v The Netherlands, Application no. 35751/20.
Decision of the ECtHR of 21 September 2021, Zambrano v France, Application no. 41994/21.
Decision of the ECtHR of 1 March 2022, Saakashvili v Georgia, Application no. 6232/20 and 22394/20.
Decision of the ECtHR of 19 May 2022, Makovetskyy v Ukraine, Application no. 50824/21.
Decision of the ECtHR of 28 June 2022, Toromag S.R.O. and Others v Slovakia, Application no. 41217/20 and four others.
Decision of the ECtHR of 5 July 2022, Magdić v Croatia, Application no. 17578/20.
Decision of the ECtHR of 5 July 2022, Piperea v Romania, Application no. 24183/21.
Decision of the ECtHR of 13 September 2022, Thevenon v France, Application no. 46061/21.
Decision of the ECtHR of 28 March 2023, Hafeez v The United Kingdom, Application no. 14198/20.
Decision of the ECtHR of 9 May 2023, Rus v Romania, Application no. 2621/21.
Decision of the ECtHR of 30 May 2023, Árus v Romania, Application no. 39647/21.
Decision of the ECtHR of 4 July 2023, Mittendorfer v Austria, Application no. 32467/22.
Decision of the ECtHR of 29 August 2023, Faia v Italy, Application no. 17222/20.
Decision of the ECtHR of 31 August 2023, Rybár and Veselská v Slovakia, Application no. 60788/21.
Decision of the ECtHR of 31 October 2023, Pernechele and Others v Italy, Application no. 7222/22.
Decision of the ECtHR of 9 November 2023, Lini S.R.O. v Slovakia, Application no. 7206/22.
Decision of the ECtHR of 28 November 2023, Alppi v Finland, Application no. 15736/22.
Decision of the ECtHR of 12 December 2023, Grgičin and Grgičin v Croatia, Application no. 6749/22 and 7154/22.
Decision of the ECtHR of 13 June 2024, Ait Oufella and Others v France, Application no. 51860/20 and three others.
Decision of the ECtHR of 19 December 2024, E.B. v Serbia, Application no. 50086/20.
Decision of the ECtHR of 25 February 2025, Association of Orthodox Ecclesiastical Obedience and Others v Greece, Application no. 52104/20 and 51020/22.
Decision of the ECtHR of 18 March 2025, Gözütok v Turkey, Application no. 41412/21.
Decision of the ECtHR of 3 July 2025, Figel’ v Slovakia, Application no. 12131/21.
Decision of the ECtHR of 14 October 2025, A.A. v Serbia, Application no. 50898/20.
Decision of the ECtHR of 16 December 2025, Scheffer and Others v Slovakia, Application no. 16627/21 and forty-seven others.
Decision of the ECtHR of 19 February 2026, Jeremejevs v Latvia, Application no. 44644/21.
Decision of the ECtHR of 7 May 2026, Denim Retail S.R.O. and Others v Slovakia, Application no. 21846/21, 34483/21, and 38283/21.
Decision of the ECtHR of 18 June 2026, Petrova v Bulgaria, Application no. 938/21.
Judgment of the ECtHR of 24 July 2012, Fülöp v Romania, Application no. 18999/04.
Judgment of the ECtHR of 17 March 2016, Vasileva v Bulgaria, Application no. 23796/10.
Judgment of the ECtHR (Grand Chamber) of 19 December 2017, Lopes de Sousa Fernandes v Portugal, Application no. 56080/13.
Judgment of the ECtHR of 11 March 2021, Feilazoo v Malta, Application no. 6865/19.
Judgment of the ECtHR of 8 February 2022, Q and R v Slovenia, Application no. 19938/20.
Judgment of the ECtHR of 1 March 2022, Fenech v Malta, no. Application 19090/20.
Judgment of the ECtHR of 15 March 2022, Communauté genevoise d’action syndicale (CGAS) v Switzerland, Application no. 21881/20.
Judgment of the ECtHR of 11 October 2022, Constantin-Lucian Spînu v Romania, Application no. 29443/20.
Judgment of the ECtHR of 13 June 2023, Khokhlov v Cyprus, Application no. 53114/20.
Judgment of the ECtHR of 9 November 2023, Riela v Italy, Application no. 17378/20.
Judgment of the ECtHR (Grand Chamber) of 27 November 2023, Communauté genevoise d’action syndicale (CGAS) v Switzerland, Application no. 21881/20.
Judgment of the ECtHR of 19 December 2023, Narbutas v Lithuania, Application no. 14139/21.
Judgment of the ECtHR of 16 May 2024, Crăciun and Others v Romania, Application no. 512/21 and four others.
Judgment of the ECtHR of 23 May 2024, Saakashvili v Georgia, Application no. 6232/20 and 22394/20.
Judgment of the ECtHR of 29 August 2024, Pasquinelli and Others v San Marino, Application no. 24622/22.
Judgment of the ECtHR of 17 October 2024, Central Unitaria de Traballadores/as v Spain, Application no. 49363/20.
Judgment of the ECtHR of 29 April 2025, Avagyan v Russia, Application no. 36911/20.
Judgment of the ECtHR of 27 May 2025, Nemytov and Others v Russia, Application no. 1257/21, 3244/21, and 46231/21.
Judgment of the ECtHR of 9 December 2025, Stephan Kucera v Austria, Application no. 13810/22.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2026.35.2.29-44
Data publikacji: 2026-08-07 12:31:16
Data złożenia artykułu: 2025-04-26 16:49:34
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Prawa autorskie (c) 2026 Jan Adamowski
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