Nigeryjski system zarządzania ryzykiem eksploatacji podmorskich złóż ropy naftowej. Czy ustawa o przemyśle naftowym z 2021 r. wypełnia istniejące luki?

Ngozi Chinwa Ole, Etti Best Herbert

Streszczenie w języku polskim


Wystąpienie szeregu wypadków związanych z wydobyciem ropy naftowej ze złóż podmorskich w Nigerii jest potwierdzeniem wniosków niektórych autorów, że reżim ustawy naftowej z 1969 r. (Petroleum Act, PA) jest obarczony wieloma wadami. Obrońcy środowiska z zadowoleniem przyjęli ustawę o przemyśle naftowym z 2021 r. (Petroleum Industry Act, PIA) jako krok naprzód w regulacji ryzyka związanego z wydobyciem ropy ze złóż podmorskich. W artykule wykorzystano niedoktrynalną metodologię badania zakresu, w jakim PIA 2021 wyszła poza PA 1969 w skutecznej regulacji ryzyka działalności wydobywczej offshore w nigeryjskim sektorze naftowym. Takie analizy opierają się na ogólnych zasadach efektywnego systemu zarządzania ryzykiem, znajdujących potwierdzenie w najlepszych praktykach międzynarodowych. W opracowaniu zauważono, że PIA 2021 nie wypełniła skutecznie luk stwierdzonych w reżimie opartym na PA 1969. Wskazywano, że wprawdzie PIA przewiduje powołanie odrębnego regulatora, pozostawia jednak wady PA 1969, w tym wielość konfliktów interesów polegających na tożsamości regulatora oraz regulowanego i dwoistego charakteru zadań regulatora jako podmiotu maksymalizującego zysk i zarządzającego ryzykiem. Inną wadą jest zachowanie preskryptywnej metody regulacji, która jest oceniana jako nieskuteczna przy regulacji zmieniającego się środowiska ryzyka. Oczekuje się, że takie analizy okażą się użyteczne przy opracowywaniu przyszłych reform nigeryjskiego sektora naftowego oraz innych obszarów, zważywszy na to, że regulacja w zakresie ryzyka jest dziedziną prawa transnarodowego. Autorzy zalecają przyjęcie regulacji opartej na wyznaczeniu celów zarządzania ryzykiem, co daje elastyczność, przy pozostawieniu bezpieczeństwa w rękach podmiotu dysponującego lepszą wiedzą specjalistyczną, czyli operatora.


Słowa kluczowe


zarządzanie ryzykiem; ustawa o przemyśle naftowym z 2021 r.; konflikt interesów; preskryptywna metoda regulacji; regulacja oparta na wyznaczaniu celów zarządzania ryzykiem

Pełny tekst:

PDF (English)

Bibliografia


LITERATURE

Agbonifo P.E., Risk Management and Regulatory Failure in the Oil and Gas Industry in Nigeria: Reflections on the Impact of Environmental Degradation in the Niger Delta Region, “Journal of Sustainable Development” 2016, vol. 9(4), DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n4p1.

Akumperigya R., Licensing or Safety: The Regulatory Dilemma of the Ghana Petroleum Commission, Aberdeen 2015.

Amaduobogha S.W., The Legal Regime for Petroleum Activities in Nigeria, [in:] Regulation of the Upstream in Petroleum Sector: A Comparative Study of Licensing and Concession Systems, ed. T. Hunter, Cambridge 2015.

Amakoromo M.K., Agbaitoro G.A., Reforming the Regulatory Framework for Offshore Health and Safety in the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry: Lessons from the United Kingdom, “Oil and Gas Energy Law Journal” 2016, vol. 14(4).

Ambituuni A., Amezaga J., Emeseh E., Analysis of Safety and Environmental Regulations for Downstream Petroleum Industry Operations in Nigeria: Problems and Prospects, “Environmental Development” 2014, vol. 9, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2013.12.002.

Ayres I., Braithwaite J., Responsive Regulation, Oxford 1992.

Baldwin R., Cave M., Understanding Regulation: Theory, Strategy and Practice, Oxford 1999.

Bentham R.W., The United Kingdom Offshore Safety Regime: Before and After Piper Alpha, “Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law” 1991, vol. 9(4), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02646811.1991.11433727.

Bhat P.I., Doctrinal Legal Research as a Means of Synthesizing Facts, Thoughts, and Legal Principles, [in:] Idea and Method of Legal Research, ed. P.I. Bhat, Oxford 2020, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199493098.001.0001.

Carrigan C., Captured by Disaster: Reinterpreting Regulatory Behaviour in the Shadow of the Gulf Oil Spill, [in:] Preventing Regulatory Capture: Special Interest Influence and How to Limit It, eds. D. Carpenter, D.A. Moss, Cambridge 2014, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139565875.015.

Donovan D.O., Socio-Legal Methodology: Conceptual Underpinnings, Justifications and Practical Pitfalls, [in:] Legal Research Methods: Principles and Practicalities, eds. L. Cahillane, J. Schweppe, Dublin 2016.

Drimmer J., Human Rights and the Extractive Industries: Litigation and Compliance Trends, “Journal of World Energy Law & Business” 2010, vol. 3(2), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jwelb/jwq001.

Flin R., Mearns K., Fleming M., Gordon R., Risk Perception and Safety in the Offshore Oil and Gas Industry, Norwich 1996, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2118/35907-MS.

Glicksman R., Levy R.E.A., Collective Action Perspective on Ceiling Preemption by Federal Environmental Regulation: The Case of Global Climate Change, “Northwestern University Law Review” 2008, vol. 102.

Herbert E.B., Legal Mechanism for Blowing the Whistle against Incidence of Tax Haven in Nigeria, “OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development” 2019, vol. 2(4).

Hunter T., The BP Oil Spill and Australia… Is There a Connection?, “The National Legal Eagle” 2010, vol. 16(2).

Hutchinson T., The Doctrinal Method: Incorporating Interdisciplinary Methods in Reforming the Law, “Erasmus Law Review” 2015, vol. 3, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5553/ELR.000055.

Jaculli M.A., Colombo D., Mendes J.R.P., Operational Safety Risk Assessment in Offshore Oil Wells, Proceedings of the ASME 2019, 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, June 9–14, 2019, Glasgow, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1115/OMAE2019-95069.

Jumbo I., Ole N.C., A Critical Analysis of the Nigerian Offshore Oil Risk Governance Regime (Post Macondo), “African Journal of International Energy and Environmental Law” 2019, vol. 3(3).

Kaasen K., Post Piper Alpha: Some Reflections on Offshore Safety Regimes from a Norwegian Perspective, “Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law” 1991, vol. 9(4), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02646811.1991.11433728.

Lord Cullen, The Public Inquiry into the Piper Alpha Disaster, “Cm 1310, 1990”.

Malhotra N., A Critical Analysis of Underlying Concepts of Doctrinal Research, “International Journal of Legal Developments and Allied Issues” 2021, vol. 8(1).

Mbanugoa C.E., Eke J.C., Risk Analysis Applied in Oil Exploration and Production, “Nigerian Journal of Technology” 2011, vol. 30(2).

Niven K., McLeod R., Offshore Industry: Management of Health Hazards in the Upstream Petroleum Industry, “Occupational Medicine” 2009, vol. 59(5), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqp076.

Odukoya A.O., Oil and Sustainable Development in Nigeria: A Case Study of the Niger Delta, “Journal of Human Ecology” 2006, vol. 20(4), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2006.11905936.

Ogwu F.A., Badamasuiy S., Joseph C., Environmental Risk Assessment of Petroleum Industry in Nigeria, “International Journal of Scientific Research and Innovative Technology” 2015, vol. 2(4).

Ojo G.U., Obaseki M., Shell Bonga Oil Spill, Nigeria, May 4, 2019.

Okafor O., Environmental Laws and Factors Affecting them in Nigeria: Case Study of Gas Flaring Laws in Niger Delta, Thesis Report, Wageningen University 2011.

Omukoro D.E., Environmental Degradation in Nigeria: Regulatory Agencies, Conflict of Interest and the Use of Unfettered Discretion, “Oil, Gas and Energy Law Journal” 2017.

Paterson J., Health and Safety at Work Offshore, [in:] UK Oil and Gas: Current Practice and Emerging Trends, eds. G. Gordon, J. Paterson, E. Usenmez, Edinburgh 2011, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781845861018.003.0008.

Paterson J., Health, Safety and Environmental Regulation on the United Kingdom Continental Shelf in the Aftermath of the Macondo Disaster, “LSU Journal of Energy Law and Resources” 2016, vol. 4(2).

Ray J., Offshore Safety and Environmental Regimes: A Post-Macondo Comparative Analysis of the United States and the United Kingdom, “Mississippi College Law Review” 2014, vol. 33(11), DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2370709.

Robertson H.G., Applying Some Lessons from the Gulf Oil Spill to Hydraulic Fracturing, “Case Western Reserve Law Review” 2013, vol. 63(4).

Simpah H.F., Risk and Uncertainty in Managing Oilfields in Nigeria, Bachelor of Engineering Project, Baze University 2021.

Sonntag-O’Brien V., Ushe E., Mobilising Finance for Renewable Energies, “Oil and Gas Energy Law” 2004, vol. 2.

Umar M.B., Legal Issues in the Management of Nigeria’s Production Sharing Contracts from a Study of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation’s (National Petroleum Management Services’) Perspective, “Oil and Gas Energy Law” 2005, vol. 3(1).

Wifa E., Hunter T.S., Mitigating Occupational Health and Safety Risks in the Proposed Australian Offshore Wind Energy Industry: Lessons from the Safety Case Regime, “Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law” 2022, vol. 40(1), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02646811.2021.1879547.

Williams L.G., Nuclear Safety and Nuclear Security Regulatory Challenges Facing a Country Embarking on a Nuclear Power Programme, “Journal of World Energy Law and Business” 2018.

Wolfson C., Foster J., Beck M., Paying for the Piper: Capital and Labour in UK’S Offshore Oil Industry, New York 2013, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315040318.

Zuofa T., Ochieng E.G., Issues in Risk Management: The Perspectives of Managers in Nigeria’s Oil and Gas Industry, “International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology” 2014, vol. 3(4), DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3105982.

ONLINE SOURCES

Adebayo T.-H., Investigation: Aiteo, Nigerian Regulators Misreported Nembe Oil Spill That Caused Severe Environmental Damage, 31.12.2021 https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/503406-investigation-aiteo-nigerian-regulators-misreported-nembe-oil-spill-that-caused-severe-environmental-damage.html (access: 31.1.2022).

Asu F., Explosion Rocks Niger Delta Old Vessel, 10 Crew Members on Board, 3.2.2022, https://www.google.com/amp/s/punchng.com/10-missing-as-sepcols-oil-production-vessel-explodes-in-niger-delts/%3famp (access: 10.2.2022).

Bhadare S., Nigeria Petroleum Industry Act brings Positive Change, 2021, https://iclg.com/alb/17110-nigeria-petroleum-industry-act-brings-positive-change (access: 16.2.2022).

Egbejule E., Niger Delta Residents Protest against Month-Long Oil Spill. Al Jazeera Media Network, 7.12.2021, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/7/niger-delta-youths-protest-against-month-long-oil-spill (access: 31.1.2022).

Glicksman R.L., Regulatory Blowout: How Regulatory Failures Made the BP Disaster Possible, and How the System Can Be Fixed to Avoid a Recurrence, GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works, Paper 608, 2010, http://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/faculty_publications/608 (access: 22.1.2022).

Gupte E., Ghosh A., Nigerian Govt. Starts Implementing New Oil Reform Law, in Bid to Boost Output in 2022, 5.1.2022, https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market-insights/latest-news/oil/010522-nigerian-govt-starts-implementing-new-oil-reform-law-in-bid-to-boost-output-in-2022 (access: 14.2.2022).

Ibelema M., Might 2022 be the year Nigeria takes another Economic Leap?, 2021, https://punchng.com/might-2022-be-the-year-nigeria-takes-another-economic-leap (access: 19.2.2022).

Kingsley J., Oil Spills Hit 14m Litres as Shell’s N800b Judgment Upsets Industry, 22.12.2021, https://guardian.ng/news/oil-spills-hit-14m-litres-as-shells-n800b-judgment-upsets-industry (access: 31.1.2022).

Lepic B., Watch: FPSO Catches Fire and Sinks Offshore Nigeria, 2022, https://www.rigzone.com/news/watch_fpso_catches_fire_and_sinks_offshore_nigeria_03-feb-2022-167794-article (access: 22.2.2022).

Massive Nigerian Oil Spill Goes Unreported, https://www.stakeholderdemocracy.org/massive-nigerian-oil-spill-goes-unreported/?gclid=-EDQ6hSBoCDdgQAvD_BwE (access: 31.1.2022).

National Petroleum Investment Services, Crude Oil Reserves/Production, https://napims.nnpcgroup.com/Pages/Crude-Oil-Reserves-Production.aspx (access: 10.2.2022).

Niger Delta Communities in “Great Danger” as Month-old Oil Spill Continues, 6.12.2021, https://news.mongabay.com/2021/12/niger-delta-communities-in-great-danger-as-month-old-oil-spill-continues (access: 31.1.2022).

Nigeria Records 4,919 Oil Spills in 6 years, 4.5trn Barrels Stolen in 4 Years – Minister, 6.7.2021, https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/471901-nigeria-records-4919-oil-spills-in-6-years-4-5trn-barrels-stolen-in-4-years-minister.html (access: 10.2.2022).

Nigeria’s Agony Dwarfs the Gulf Oil Spill: The US and Europe Ignore It, 29.5.2010, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/30/oil-spills-nigeria-niger-delta-shell (access: 10.2.2022).

NOSDRA, Nigerian Oil Spill Monitor, https://nosdra.oilspillmonitor.ng (access: 10.2.2022).

NURC, About, 2021, https://www.nuprc.gov.ng/index.php (access: 18.2.2022).

Nwuke K., Nigeria’s Petroleum Industry Act: Addressing Old Problems, Creating New Ones, 2021, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2021/11/24/nigerias-petroleum-industry-act-addressing-old-problems-creating-new-ones (access: 17.2.2022).

Obasi S., Nigeria Loses 21,300 Barrels of Oil to Spill – NOSDRA, 13.7.2021, https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/07/nigeria-losses-21300-barrels-of-oil-to-spill-nosdra/amp (access: 10.2.2022).

Olawuyi D.S., Tubodenyefa Z., Review of the Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria (EGASPIN), https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/content/documents/2019/review_of_the_environmental_guidelines_and_standards_for_the_petroleum_industry_in_nigeria.pdf (access: 4.2.2022).

Robertson C., Krauss C., Gulf Spill is the Largest of its kind, 2.8.2010, https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/03/us/03spill.html (access: 19.2.2022).

Vibhute K., Aynalem F., Legal Research Methods, 2007, https://chilot.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/legal-research-methods.pdf (access: 25.2.2022).

LEGAL ACTS

Allocation of Revenue (Abolition of Dichotomy in the Application of the Principle of Derivation) Act 2004.

Associate Gas Reinjection Act 1979.

Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Industry in Nigeria.

Nigerian National Petroleum Act 1977.

Petroleum Act 1969.

Petroleum Act 2004.

Petroleum Industry Act 2021.

Petroleum Products Pricing Regulatory Agency Act 2003.

Petroleum (Drilling and Production) Regulations 1969.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2022.31.3.143-163
Data publikacji: 2022-09-28 19:31:21
Data złożenia artykułu: 2022-03-05 13:56:57


Statystyki


Widoczność abstraktów - 1254
Pobrania artykułów (od 2020-06-17) - PDF (English) - 0

Wskaźniki



Odwołania zewnętrzne

  • Brak odwołań zewnętrznych


Prawa autorskie (c) 2022 Ngozi Chinwa Ole, Etti Best Herbert

Creative Commons License
Powyższa praca jest udostępniana na lcencji Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.