Wyzwania dla japońskich inwestorów w międzynarodowym arbitrażu (kokusai chūsai) jako narzędziu rozwiązywania sporów komercyjnych

Hiroshi Kaneko, Shota Inoue

Streszczenie w języku polskim


Obecność japońskich inwestorów na międzynarodowej scenie arbitrażowej jest niewielka w porównaniu do jej skali gospodarczej. Japońskie prawo arbitrażowe jest zgodne z UNCITRAL Model Law (1985) ze zmianą w 2006 r., a Japonia jest członkiem konwencji nowojorskiej z 1958 r. Z kolei japońska terminologia prawna odpowiadająca arbitrażowi (chūsai), włączona do współczesnego języka japońskiego w XIX w., jest myląca. Chińskie prawo powstrzymuje podmioty krajowe, w tym te z kapitałem zagranicznym, przed zwracaniem się do zagranicznych trybunałów arbitrażowych, co może utrudniać japońskim inwestorom w Chinach rozstrzyganie sporów w drodze arbitrażu. Przedstawienie przez obie strony sporu tematu oraz zadawanie pytań świadkowi przeciwnej strony, popularne w międzynarodowych arbitrażach, nie są istotne w japońskich postępowaniach sądowych. Ponieważ TPF (Third Party Funding) nie jest wdrażany w arbitrażach w Japonii, japońscy inwestorzy mogą cierpieć z powodu luk ideowych w taktyce arbitrażowej. Znaczenie CISG/UNIDROIT w arbitrażu międzynarodowym rośnie. Ze względu na to, że japońskie sądy nie odwołują się do nich aktywnie, japońscy inwestorzy mogą mieć do nich dostęp rzadziej niż ich zagraniczni odpowiednicy, co stanowi potencjalne ryzyko w kształtowaniu strategii arbitrażowych. Problemem jest również niedobór arbitrów posiadających japońskie wykształcenie prawnicze. Japońska mentalność prawna skłania raczej do wyboru dialogu niż konfrontacji z drugą stroną przed sądem lub trybunałami arbitrażowymi. Z uwagi na fakt, że japońskie prawo arbitrażowe spełnia najnowsze wymogi UNCITRAL, a rząd wyrazi zamiar do ratyfikowania najnowszych traktatów arbitrażowych, w tym Konwencję singapurską o mediacji z 2019 r. (ratyfikowaną przez Japonię 1 października 2023 r.), japońscy inwestorzy najprawdopodobniej będą w przyszłości częściej korzystać z arbitrażu międzynarodowego.


Słowa kluczowe


prawo arbitrażowe; Japonia; Chiny; mediacja; arbitraż; Międzynarodowy Sąd Arbitrażowy w Singapurze; Japońskie Stowarzyszenie Arbitrażu Handlowego; UNIDROIT; TPF

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Bibliografia


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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2024.33.3.75-97
Data publikacji: 2024-09-27 21:28:06
Data złożenia artykułu: 2023-11-15 11:30:36


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Prawa autorskie (c) 2024 Hiroshi Kaneko, Shota Inoue

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