Polityka B. Obamy wobec Bliskiego Wschodu

David Jervis

Streszczenie w języku polskim


W artykule dokonano analizy polityk administracji prezydenta B. Obamy wobec Bliskiego Wschodu. Od samego początku ich priorytetem była redukcja roli USA w regionie oraz promowanie pokoju między Izraelczykami a Palestyńczykami. Arabska Wiosna przyczyniła się do powstania wielu nowych, wcześniej nie występujących wyzwań, z którymi musiała się zmierzyć administracja. Prezydent Obama nie osiągnął większości swoich celów, a wyjaśnienie kontekstu i przyczyn tych niepowodzeń zawarto w podsumowaniu artykułu.


Słowa kluczowe


Barack Obama, Bliski Wschód, Arabska Wiosna, pokój na Bliskim Wschodzie

Pełny tekst:

PDF (English)

Bibliografia


ARANGO T., SCHMIDT M.S., 2011: Despite Difficult Talks, U.S. and Iraq Had Expected Some American Troops to Stay, “New York Times” 21.10, available online: www.nytimes.com/2011/10/22/world/middleeast/united-states-and-iraq-had-not-expected-troops-would-haveto-leave.html?_r=0 (13.04.2016).

AVISHAI B., 2016: A Significant Resolution on Israel,“The New Yorker” 27.12, available online: www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/a-significant-resolution-on-israel (15.02.2017).

BAKER P., et al, 2013: Off-the-Cuff Obama Line Put U.S. in Bind on Syria, “New York Times” 4.03, available online: www.nytimes.com/2013/05/05/world/middleeast/obamas-vow-on-chemical-weapons-puts-him-in-tough-spot.html?pagewanted=all (15.10.2014).

BASS G.J., 2013: The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide, New York.

BEINART P., 2012: Obama Betrayed Ideals on Israel, “Newsweek” 12.03, available online: www.newsweek.com/peter-beinart-obama-betrayed-ideals-israel-63673 (16.05.2015).

BLANCHARD C.M., HUMUD C.E., NIKITIN M.B.D., 2014: Armed Conflict in Syria: Overview and U.S. Response, Congressional Research Service Report, Washington D.C., available online: http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/219940.pdf (14.10.2014).

BOOTH W., EGLASH R., Kerry’s nine-month quest for Middle East peace ends in failure, “Washington Post” 29.04, available online: www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/ker rys-nine-month-quest-for-middle-east-peace-ends-in-failure/2014/04/29/56521cd6-cfd7–11e3-a714-be7e7f142085_story.html (02.05.2015).

BRUNO G., 2008: U.S. Security Agreements and Iraq, “Council on Foreign Relations”17.11, available online: www.cfr.org/iraq/us-security-agreements-iraq/p16448#p6 (17.12.2016).

CHOLLET D., 2016: The Long Game: How Obama Defied Washington and Redefined America’s Role in the World, New York.

CHOLLET D., FISHMAN B., 2015: Who Lost Libya? Obama’s Intervention in Retrospect, “Foreign Affairs” 20.04, available online www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/libya/2015-04–20/who-lost-libya (10.02.2017).

CLINTON H.R., 2014: Hard Choices, New York.

COOK S.A., 2016: Egypt’s Nightmare: Sisi’s Dangerous War on Terror, “Foreign Affairs” November/December, available online: www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/middle-east/egypt-snightmare (24.02.2017).

COOPER H., LAND LER M., SANGER D.E., 2011: In U.S. Signals to Egypt, Obama Straddled a Rift, “New York Times” 12.02, available online: www.nytimes.com/2011/02/13/world/middleeast/13diplomacy.html (09.02.2017).

CROWLEY M., 2015: Who Lost Iraq? “Politico” July/August, available online: http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/06/iraq-roundtable-george-w-bush-barack-obama–119221

(09.04.2016).

DAALDER I.H., STAVRIDIS J.G., 2012: NATO’s Victory in Libya: The Right Way to Run an Intervention, “Foreign Affairs” March/April, available online: www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/libya/2012-02-02/natos-victory-libya (15.05.2017).

De You ng K., 2016: How the US came to abstain on a resolution condemning Israel settlements, “Washington Post” 28.12, available online: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/how-the-us-came-to-abstain-on-a-un-resolution-condemning-israeli-settlements/2016/12/28/fed102ee-cd38-11e6-b8a2-8c2a61b0436f_story.html?utm_term=.3412d8c13f13 (15.02.2017).

Du nne M., 2011: Egypt: From Stagnation to Revolution, [in:] America’s Challenges in the Great Middle East: The Obama Administration’s Policies, S. Akbarzadeh (ed.), Houndmills.

THE ECONOMIST, 2014: A peace process that is going nowhere: John Kerry’s dogged bid for a two-state solution has faltered, “Economist” 12.04, available online: www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21600710-john-kerrys-dogged-bid-two-state-solution-hasfaltered-peace-process (02.05.2015).

European Commission, 2017: ECHO Factsheet: Syria Crisis, available online: https://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/aid/countries/factsheets/syria_en.pdf (14.02.2017).

Farrell S., 2008: U.S. combat troops would leave Iraq by 2011 under draft agreement, “New York Times” 22.08, available online: www.nytimes.com/2008/08/22/world/africa/22iht-troops.4.15557880.html (17.12.2016).

FRIEDMAN T.L., 2014: Obama on the World, “New York Times” 8.08, available online: www.nytimes.com/2014/08/09/opinion/president-obama-thomas-l-friedman-iraq-and-world-affairs.html (02.04.2016).

GATES R.M., 2014: Duty: Memoirs of a Secretary at War, New York.

GERGES F.A., 2012: Obama and the Middle East: The End of America’s Moment?, Houndmills.

GILSINAN K., Is it Too Late to Save the Two-State Solution? “The Atlantic” 4.12, available online: www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/12/john-kerry-jeffrey-goldberg-israelsaban-

forum/509510/ (24.02.2017).

GOLDBERG J., 2016: The Obama Doctrine, “The Atlantic” April 2016, available online: www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/04/the-obama-doctrine/471525/ (27.02.2017);

GORD ON M.R., Trainer B.E., 2013: The Endgame: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Iraq, From George W. Bush to Barack Obama, New York.

GORD ON Ph., 2015: The Middle East is Falling Apart. America isn’t to blame. There’s no easy fix, “Politico” 4.06, available online: www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/06/america-notto-blame-for-middle-east-falling-apart-118611_Page3.html#.WKQk2X88dPY (17.02.2017).

HAAS M.L., 2014: The United States and the Arab Spring: Threats and Opportunities in a Revolutionary Era. In: The Middle East and the United States, D.W. Lasch, M. L. Haas (eds), Boulder.

HANN A M.W., 2015: Getting Over Egypt: Time to Rethink Relations, “Foreign Affairs” November/December, available online www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/egypt/getting-over-egypt (10.02.2017).

HAWTHORN E A., Dunn M., 2013: Remember that historic Arab Spring speech?, “Foreign Policy” 21.05, available online: http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/05/21/remember-that-historicarab-spring-speech/ (27.02.2017).

HILL C.R., 2014: How the Obama Administration Ignored Iraq: One ambassador’s story of an exit strategy gone wrong, “Politico” 2.10, available online: www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/10/how-the-obama-administration-disowned-iraq-111565 (09.04.2016).

HILL C.R., 2014: Outpost: Life on the Frontlines of American Diplomacy: A Memoir, New York.

International Crisis Group, 2016: The Libyan Political Agreement: Time for a Reset, 4.11, available online: www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/north-africa/libya/libyan-politicalagreement-time-reset (10.02.2017).

Jervis D., 2016: Trying to Understand America’s Nobel Prize-Winning War-Fighting President (unpublished conference paper).

Kaldor M., 2013: A Humanitarian Strategy Focused on Syrian Civilians. In: The Syria Dilemma, N. Hashemi, D. Postel (eds), Boston.

Kessler G., 2013: The Fact Checker: President Obama and the “red line” on Syria’s chemical weapons, “Washington Post” 6.09, available online: www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/fact-checker/wp/2013/09/06/president-obama-and-the-red-line-on-syrias-chemical-weapons/(14.10.2014).

Kirkpatrick D., 2013: A Deadly Mix in Benghazi, “New York Times” 28.12, available online: www.nytimes.com/projects/2013/benghazi/#/?chapt=0 (27.02 2017).

Landler M., 2009: Seasoned Diplomat to Serve as a Mideast Envoy, ”New York Times” 21.01, available online: www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/us/politics/22diplo.html (21.03.2015).

Landler M., Shanker T., 2013: ‘Pentagon Lays Out Options for U.S. Military Effort in Syria, “New York Times” 22.07 available online: www.nytimes.com/2013/07/23/world/middleeast/pentagon-outlining-options-to-congress-suggests-syria-campaign-would-be-costly.html?pagewanted=all (14.1014, 2014).

Lizza R., 2011: The Consequentialist: How the Arab Spring remade Obama’s foreign policy, “The New Yorker” 2.05, available online: www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/05/02/the-consequentialist (29.03.2016).

Lubol d G., 2013: Breaking: Every Military Option in Syria Sucks, “Foreign Policy” 23.07, available online: http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/07/23/breaking-every-military-option-in-syriasucks/ (15.10.2014).

LYNCH M., 2015: Obama and the Middle East: Rightsizing the U.S. Role, “Foreign Affairs”, available online: www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/middle-east/obama-and-middle-east (13.02.2017).

LYNCH M., 2016: The New Arab Wars: Uprisings and Anarchy in the Middle East, New York.

MANN J., 2012: The Obamians: The Struggle Inside the White House to Redefine American Power, New York.

MCCOY T., 2015: The Roots of Why Obama and Netanyahu Dislike Each Other So Much, “Washington Post” 26.02, available online: www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/02/26/the-roots-of-why-obama-and-netanyahu-dislike-each-other-so-much/?utm_term=.966b9700458b (12.022017).

MEARSHEIMER J., WALT S., 2006: The Israeli Lobby, “London Review of Books” 23.03., available online: www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n06/john-mearsheimer/the-israel-lobby (02.05.2015).

MIGDAL J.S., 2014: Shifting Sands: The United States and the Middle East, New York.

MILLER A. D., 2016: A Defense of Obama’s Middle East “Balancing Act,” “Foreign Policy” 15.08, available online: http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/08/15/a-defense-of-obamas-middle-eastbalancing-act-syria-russia-iran-nsc/ (15.02.2017).

MILLER A.D., 2012: The Curious Case of Benjamin Netanyahu, “Foreign Policy”, available online: http://foreignpolicy.com/2012/05/30/the-curious-case-of-benjamin-netanyahu/(27.02.2017).

MILLER A.D., John Kerry, Lone Ranger of the Middle East, “Foreign Affairs” 25.06, available online: www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/middle-east/2013-06-25/john-kerry-lone-rangermiddle-east (02.05.2015).

NEW YORK TIMES, 2016: State Department Draft Dissent Memo on Syria, “New York Times” 17.06, available online: www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/06/17/world/middleeast/documentstate-dept-syria.html (21.08.2016).

O’HANLON M.E., CAMPBELL J.H., 2009: The Iraq Index: Tracking Variables of Security & Reconstruction in Post-Saddam Iraq, Brookings Institution, available online www.brookings.edu/iraqindex (02.02.2017).

OBAMA B., 2007: The Audacity of Hope, London.

PANETTA L., Worthy Fights: A Memoir of Leadership in War and Peace, New York.

PETRA, 2017: CIA chief: Obama miscalculated consequences of Arab Spring, “Jordan News Agency” 11.01, available online: www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Site_Id=1〈=2&NewsID=284710&CatID=13&Type=Home&GType=1 (24.022017).

PEW RESEARCH CENTRE 2017, Opinion of the United States, Pew Global: Global Indicators Database, available online www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/1/group/6/ (06.02.2017).

POLLACK K., 2016: Fight or Flight: America’s Choice in the Middle East, “Foreign Affairs” March/April, available online: www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/middle-east/2016-02-16/fightor-flight (19.11.2016).

POWER S., 2013: The Problem from Hell: America in the Age of Genocide, New York.

RAVID B., 2017: Exclusive: Kerry Offered Netanyahu Regional Peace Plan in Secret 2016 Summit with al-Sissi, King Abdullah, “Haaretz” 19.02, available online: www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.772531?=&ts=_1487969163123 (24.02.2017).

ROGIN J., 2011: How the Obama administration bungled the Iraq withdrawal negotiations, “Foreign Policy”, available online: http://foreignpolicy.com/2011/10/21/how-the-obama-administration-bungled-the-iraq-withdrawal-negotiations/ (13.04.2016).

RUBIN T., 2016: Worldview: The Reality Behind the U.N. Vote, “Philadelphia Inquirer” 30.12, availability online: www.philly.com/philly/columnists/trudy_rubin/20161230_Trudy_Rubin__The_reality_behind_the_U_N__vote.html (24.02.2017).

SANGER D.E., 2016: Kerry Rebukes Israel, Calling Settlements a Threat to Peace, “New York Times” 28.12, available online: www.nytimes.com/2016/12/28/us/politics/john-kerry-israel-pal estine-peace.html?emc=edit_ee_20161229&nl=todaysheadlines-europe&nlid=50747882&_r=1 (06.02.2016).

SERLE J., PURKISS J., 2017: Get the Data: Drone Wars, Bureau of Investigative Journalism, available online: www.thebureauinvestigates.com/category/projects/drones/drones-graphs/ (14.02.2017).

SIMON S., STEVENSON J., 2015: The End of Pax Americana: Why Washington’s Middle East Pullback Makes Sense, “Foreign Affairs”, available online: www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/middle-east/end-pax-americana (15.02.2017).

STERN J., 2015: Obama and Terrorism: Like It or Not, the War Goes On, “Foreign Affairs”, available online: www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/obama-and-terrorism (21.02.2017).

TEPPERMAN J., 2016: The Envoy: A Conversation With John Kerry, “Foreign Affairs” 17.10, available online: www.foreignaffairs.com/interviews/2016-10-17/envoy (06.02.2017).

TIERN EY D., 2016: Syria and the Cycle of American Intervention, “The Atlantic” 24.10.2016, available online: www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/10/syria-washington-obama-iraq-middle-east-intervention-assad-isis/505202/ (27.02.2017).

WHITE HOUSE, 2009a: Remarks of President Barack Obama – Responsibly Ending the War in Iraq, 27.02, available online: www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-barackobama-ndash-responsibly-ending-war-iraq (13.04.2016).

WHITE HOUSE, 2009b: Text: Obama’s Speech in Cairo, “New York Times” 4.06, available online: www.nytimes.com/2009/06/04/us/politics/04obama.text.html (9.12.2014).

WHITE HOUSE, 2011: Remarks by the President on the Middle East and North Africa, Washington D.C., 19.05, available online: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-pressoffice/2011/05/19/remarks-president-middle-east-and-north-africa (21.02.2017).

WHITE HOUSE, 2013: Obama’s Speech on Drone Policy, “New York Times” 23.05, available online: www.nytimes.com/2013/05/24/us/politics/transcript-of-obamas-speech-on-drone-policy.html (14.02. 2017).




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/teka.2017.12.2.31
Data publikacji: 2018-09-17 14:22:15
Data złożenia artykułu: 2018-09-17 13:09:35


Statystyki


Widoczność abstraktów - 1595
Pobrania artykułów (od 2020-06-17) - PDF (English) - 1431

Wskaźniki



Odwołania zewnętrzne

  • Brak odwołań zewnętrznych


Prawa autorskie (c) 2018 David Jervis

Creative Commons License
Powyższa praca jest udostępniana na lcencji Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.