Operation 1005 in Belorussia: Commonalities and Unique Features, 1942-1944

Leonid Smilovitsky

Streszczenie w języku polskim


The article is devoted to the little-studied topic of concealing the traces of Nazi mass crimes on the territory of Belarus, in the period from the spring of 1942 to the liberation of the Republic in the summer of 1944. "Operation 1005" is the code name of a top-secret large-scale operation, carried out by Nazi Germany in order to hide the traces of mass killings committed in Europe during World War II. Citing numerous examples of the cities, regions and areas of Belarus, the author reveals the mechanism used by the Nazis for concealing the consequences of mass murders, names the initiators of these crimes, the executioners and their accomplices. The article has been written on the basis of documentary materials found in various archives, which have been supplemented by the testimony of witnesses of those events, that allowed the author to show the general and the particular, and to draw the necessary conclusions.

 


Słowa kluczowe


"Operation 1005", Belarus, Jews, Holocaust, genocide, Belarus Jewry, WW2, Nazi crimes

Pełny tekst:

PDF (English)

Bibliografia


Altman, I. 2002. Zhertvy nenavisti. Kholokost v SSSR, 1941-1945 [Victims of hate. Holocaust in the USSR]. Moscow.

Arad, I. 2001. Katastrofa evreev na okkupirovannykh territoriakh Sovetskogo Soyuza, 1941-1945 [The tragedy of the Jews in the occupied territories of the Soviet Union, 1941-1945], Moscow

Arad, I. 2007. Katastrofa evreev na okkupirovannykh territoriakh Sovetskogo Soyuza, 1941-1945 [The tragedy of the Jews in the occupied territories of the Soviet Union], Moscow.

Archive of MVD BSSR (Ministry of Interior of BSSR) f. 45, op. 1, d. 19.

Botvinnik, M. 2000. Pamyatniki genotsida evreev v Belarusi, Minsk.

Chernoglazova, R.A., Zhumar’, S.V. (eds.). 2011. Trostenets. Collection of documents and materials, Minsk.

Coded telegram from N.F. Korolev to the deputy head of the BShPD I.P. Ganenko of 28 October 1943: NARB f. 3500, op. 1, d. 4.

Dean, M. 2000. Collaboration in the Holocaust. Crimes of the Local Police in Belorussia and Ukraine, 1941-1944, New York.

Documenty obvinyayut. Collection of documents on heinous atrocities committed by the German authorities on the Soviet territories provisionally captured by them, Issues 1-2, Moscow 1943-1945.

Documenty obvinyayut. Kholokost : svidetelstva Krasnoy Armii [The Documents accuse. Testimony of the Red Army] 1996, F.D. Sverdlov (C), Moscow.

Epstein, B. 2008. The Minsk Ghetto, 1941-1943. Jewish Resistance and Soviet Internationalism, Berkeley.

Evidence given on 17 July 1944, by Fedor Fedorovich Bozhko, former prisoner of the Trostenets concentration camp: NARB (National Archives of the Republic of Belarus), f. 845, op. 1, d. 11, pp. 40-41.

Evidence of P.N. Golovich, resident of Bolshoy Trostenets village, Minsk district, on July 19, 1944: SARF, f. 7021, op. 87, d. 124.

Faitelson, A. 2001. Nepokorivshiesya [Rebellious]. Chronicles of Jewish resistance, Tel-Aviv.

Fondy BGMIVOV, n/v (ref.) 11057.

Intelligence report BShPD No. 76 (107) of 30 November 1943: NARB, f. 3500, op. 1, d. 4.

Ioffe, E. 2003. Belorusskiye evrei. Tragediya i geroism 1941-1945 [Belorussian Jews. Tragedy and heroism 1941-1945], Minsk.

Kershaw, J. 2001. Hitler, 1936-1945 Nemesis, New York – London.

Kholavski, S. 1988. In the Holocaust Storm (in Hebrew), Jerusalem.

Koch, A., Polian, P. 2008. Otritsaniye otritsaniya, ili bitva pod Aushvitsem. [Denial of denial, or the battle of Auschwitz]. Debates on the demography and geopolitics of the Holocaust, Moscow.

Kohl, P. 2003. Das Vernichtungslager Trostenez, Dortmund.

Kovalenia, A., Litvin, A., Kuz’menko, V. (eds). 2005. Belarus’ v gody Velikoy Otchectvennoy Voyny (Belarus during the years of the Great Patriotic War), Minsk.

Lager’ Smerti Trostenets (Trostenets death camp). Documents and materials, Minsk 2003.

Lipilo, P.P., Romanovskiy, V.F. (eds.). 1963. Prestupleniya nemetsko-fashistkikh okkupantov v Belorussii, 1941-1944 (Crimes of the German fascist invaders in Belorussia, 1941-1944). Collection of documents and materials, Minsk.

Litvin, A. 2000. Akupatsya Belarusi, 1941-1944, Мinsk.

Loewenstein, K. 1961. Minsk: Im Lager der Deutschen Juden, Bonn.

Materials of ESC USSR: SARF, f. 7021, op. 84, d. 3, p. 17.

Mikhnuk U.M. (ed.) (1995). Nemetska-fashistski genatsid na Belarusi, 1941-1944 [German-Fascist genocide in Belarus], Minsk.

Record of testimony of S.I. Savinskaya of 24 July 1944, NARB, f. 845, op. 1, d. 64, pp. 70-73.

Record of the Rogachev ESC district commission, 15 December 1944: State archive of Gomel oblast, f.1345, op. 1, d. 15.

Report of Grodno oblast ESC committee of 25 June 1945, NARB, f. 7021, op. 86, d. 34.

Report of investigator of the military prosecutor’s office of the Minsk garrison, captain of justice, Semenov, pertaining to the inspection of locations where people were exterminated in the area around the village of Maly Trostenets, 14-21 July 1944. SARF f. 7021, op. 87, d. 123.

Report of SS-Rottenführer E. Hansen from Sonderkommando 7 A about the conduct of Operation 1005 in the Rogachev area, 24 April 1944: NARB f. 3500, op. 2, d. 38.

Report of the Baranovichy ESC city commission on the mass destruction of Soviet citizens in the town of Baranovichi and vicinity 1941-1944, 1 January 1945. NARB, f. 845, op. 1, d. 6.

Report of the Extraordinary State Commission (ESC USSR) on the investigation of atrocities perpetrated by German fascist invaders from 19 September 1944. Nurenbergskiy process nad glavnymi nemtskimi voennymi prestupnikami [The Nuremburg trials of the leading German criminals of war], Vol. IV, Moscow 1959.

Report of the Grodno city ESC commission of 29 July 1944: NARB, f. 861, op. 1, d. 7.

Report of the Minsk oblast ESC commission of 13 August 1944, on the mass destruction of Soviet citizens in the territory of Minsk and its vicinity, by German fascist invaders from 1941 to 1944: SARF, f. 7021, op. 87, d. 9.

Roman’ko, О.V. 2008. Korichnevye teni v Polesye [Brown Shades in Polesye], 1941-1944, Moscow 2008.

Romanouski, V. 2000. Saudzelniki u zlachynstvakh [Participants in the crimes], Мinsk 1964.

Rosenbloom, A. 1998. Pamyats na krovi. Jews in the history of the town of Borisov, Petakh-Tikva.

Ryvkin, M., Shulman, A. 2004. Khronika strashnykh dney. The tragedy of the Vitebsk ghetto, Vitebsk.

Semiryaga, M.I. 1991. Tyuremnaya imperiya natizma i ee krakh [Prison empire of Nazism and its crash], Moscow.

Sharkov, A.B. 2005. Pravovye osnovy ugolovnoy otvetstvennosti armii Vermakhta za unichtozhenie grazhdanskogo naselenia, voennoplennykh i material’nykh tsennostei na territorii Belarusi [Legal bases of criminal liability of the Wehrmacht for the extermination of civilians, prisoners of war, and material valuables in the territory of Belarus]: In: Belarus u vyprabavanniakh Vialikaya Aichynnay vainy: masavya zaboistva natsistau, Materials of international workshop, 2 July 2004, Minsk.

Sherman, B.P. 1997. Baranovichiskoe getto, Koldichevskiy death camp, Baranovich.

Smilovitsky, L. (2000). Holocaust in Belorussia, 1941-1944, Tel Aviv, http://www2.jewishgen.org/Yizkor/Belorussia/Belorussia.html.

Smilovitsky, L. 1994. Neviadomye staronki belarusskay shkoly. Gady niametskay akupatsii, 1941-1944, “Polymia”, No. 12.

Smilovitsky, l. 1999. Ilya Ehrenburg on the Holocaust of the Jews in Belorussia: Unknown Evidence, “East European Jewish Affairs” vol. 29, No 1-2, http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/newsletter/ilya_ehrenburg.htm.

Smilovitsky, L. 2008. Belarus pad niametskay akupatsyia, „ARCHE”, No. 5.

Sovetskoye gosudarstvo i pravo nakanune i v gody Velikoy Ochestvennoy voyny [Soviet State and Law on the eve of and during the Great Patriotic War], 1936-1945, Moscow 1985.

Spravochnik o mestakh prinuditel’nogo soderzhaniya grazhdanskogo naselenia na okkupirovannykh territoriyakh Belarusi, 1941-1944 [Handbook of places of forced confinement of the civilian population in the occupied territories of Belorussia], Minsk 2001.

Statement of 20 May 1944 of S.I. Pilunov, resident of the Mogilev district, to head of the BShPD [Belorussian Headquarters of the Partisan Movement], P.Z. Kalinin, about how the Nazis covered up the evidence of their crimes, from 15 September to 4 November 1943, NARB, f. 3500, оp. (cat.) 2, d. 8.

Testimony of Aleksandr Alekseevich Vladykin: SARF. f. 70, op. 86, d. 40.

Testimony of Ivan Ivanovich Todrik: SARF. f. 70, op. 86, d. 48.

Tippel’skirkh, K., Kissel’ring, A., Gudarian, G. 1998. Itogi Vtoroy mirovoy voyny. Vyvody pobezhdennykh [Results of the WW2. Implications for the defeated],Moscow .

Trial proceedings of atrocities perpetrated by German fascist invaders in Belorussian SSR (15-29 January 1946), Minsk 1947.

Unichtozheniye evropeiskikh evreev (Destruction of European Jews), Munich-Zurich 1998.

Vneshnyaya politika Sovetskogo Soyuza v period Velikoy Ochestvennoy voyny. In three volumes, Moscow 1946, vol. 1.

Wegweiser zu ehemaligen judischen Leidensstatten der Deportationen von Hamburg nach Minsk, Hamburg 1995.

Wireless message from the command of the Minsk First Partisan brigade to the intelligence department of BShPD of 17 April 1944, NARB f. 3500, op. 2, d. 8.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/k.2017.24.1.155
Data publikacji: 2018-06-07 12:10:00
Data złożenia artykułu: 2017-09-28 13:50:38


Statystyki


Widoczność abstraktów - 1123
Pobrania artykułów (od 2020-06-17) - PDF (English) - 1007

Wskaźniki



Odwołania zewnętrzne

  • Brak odwołań zewnętrznych


Prawa autorskie (c) 2018 Leonid Smilovitsky

Creative Commons License
Powyższa praca jest udostępniana na lcencji Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.